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How do cnc machines work
Explore the core technologies of CNC machining: the entire process from digital design to precision machining. Learn how CNC machine tools achieve high-precision parts manufacturing through automated programming, applicable to mold, prototype, and various customized parts production.
CNC Machining Working Principle
The core of CNC machining is the automated cutting of machine tools controlled by computers according to preset programs, with no manual intervention required in the tool movement process. The workflow is clear and directly applicable to production practice
Core Workflow (from Programming to Finished Product)
1. Program input: Transfer the pre written G/M code (manually programmed) or the tool path file generated by CAD/CAM software (Mastercam, UG) to the CNC control system (such as FANUC, Siemens system) through USB, network or DNC.
2. Parameter analysis: The control system reads the program, translates G instructions (motion mode), M instructions (auxiliary functions), S/F values (speed/feed), and combines the workpiece coordinate system (G54-G59) and tool compensation parameters (radius/length) to generate motion signals that the machine tool can recognize.
3. Mechanical execution:Drive system: The servo motor receives signals and controls the linear guide/ball screw movement of the X/Y/Z axis (milling machine) or X/Z axis (lathe) to achieve precise positioning (tolerance up to ± 0.001mm);
Cutting action: The spindle motor drives the tool to rotate according to the S value, and the worktable/tool feeds according to the F value. Excess material from the workpiece is removed through the cutting edges of milling cutters, turning tools, and other tools.
4. Real time feedback: Detection components such as grating rulers and encoders collect real-time shaft motion position and spindle speed, and provide feedback to the control system to dynamically correct deviations and ensure machining accuracy.
system to dynamically correct deviations and ensure machining accuracy.
5. Complete processing: The program is executed until M30 (program ends), the spindle stops, the tool is lifted to a safe height, and the workpiece is formed.
Key core components (directly affecting processing efficiency)
Control system: equivalent to the “brain”, responsible for parsing programs and coordinating the actions of various components;
Servo system: “Hand and foot”, including servo motor and driver, determines motion accuracy and response speed;
Machine tool body: bed, worktable, spindle box, etc., must have sufficient rigidity (to avoid cutting vibration);
Cutting tools: For direct cutting of workpieces, material selection is required (such as high-speed steel cutting for aluminum parts, hard alloy cutting for steel).
Example of practical scenario (processing steel cylindrical parts)
1. Programming: Draw a diameter of 20 × 50mm cylinder using CAD, generate a turning tool path (rough turning → fine turning) using CAM, and export the program;
2. Clamping: Fix the round steel billet on the lathe chuck and set the G54 coordinate system for tool alignment;
3. Run: Start the program, the spindle drives the billet to rotate (S2000r/min), the cutting tool feeds at F150mm/min, and completes the rough turning (removing excess material) and fine turning (ensuring dimensional accuracy) of the outer circle in sequence;
4. Testing: After processing, measure the diameter and length with a caliper. If the deviation exceeds the limit, adjust the tool compensation parameters through correction.
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